The Role of Radiotherapy towards Pediatric Cancer

Agustinus Darmadi Hariyanto; Hari Murti Wijaya; Jellyca Anton; Seize Edwiena Yanuarta; Steven Octavianus; Handoko Handoko; Endang Nuryadi; Soehartati Argadikoesoema Gondhowiardjo

doi:10.32532/jori.v11i2.117

The Role of Radiotherapy towards Pediatric Cancer

Agustinus Darmadi Hariyanto, Hari Murti Wijaya, Jellyca Anton, Seize Edwiena Yanuarta, Steven Octavianus, Handoko Handoko, Endang Nuryadi, Soehartati Argadikoesoema Gondhowiardjo

Sari

Cancer is the leading cause of death in children worldwide. Pediatric cancer is challenging to detect early because it generally appears with signs and symptoms that are not typical. The increase in cancer cases in pediatric must be followed by an increase in cancer management in all fields of scientific disciplines. Radiation oncology, as one of the areas of science, has an essential role in definitive, adjuvant, palliative, and prophylactic cancer in pediatric. Apart from these uses, radiation management is a significant contributor to the complications of pediatric cancer survivors. Complications that arise can be in the form of growth retardation, tissue changes, secondary cancer, neurocognitive changes, infertility, or other hormonal dysfunction and preterm labor. An increase in radiation techniques followed the development of treatment machines able to reduce radiation-related morbidity and mortality rates. In pediatric radiotherapy, the entire process from the pre-procedure anesthesia to radiotherapy requires special attention. Psychological issues are also worth observing. This study will briefly discuss these matters and the management of some of the most common pediatric cancers in Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital.

Kata Kunci

pediatric cancer, radiotherapy, brainstem glioma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, retinoblastoma, medulloblastoma, soft tissue sarcoma

Teks Lengkap:

PDF (English)

Referensi

World Health Organization. WHO | Global Initiative for Childhood Cancer [Internet]. WHO. World Health Organization; 2018 [cited 2019 Oct 1]. Available from: https://www.who.int/cancer/childhood-cancer/en/

Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin [Internet]. 2018;68(6):394–424. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30207593

Johnston WT, Erdmann F, Newton R, Steliarova-Foucher E, Schüz J, Roman E. Childhood cancer: Estimating regional and global incidence. Cancer Epidemiol [Internet]. 2020;(December):101662. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2019.101662

Agustina J, Sinulingga DT, Suzanna E, Tehuteru E, Ramadhan R, Kadir A. Epidemiology of Childhood Cancer in Indonesia: Study of 14 Population Based Cancer Registries. J Glob Oncol [Internet]. 2018 Oct 28 [cited 2019 Jul 23];(4_suppl_2):67s-67s. Available from: http://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/jgo.18.75200

Gatot D, Windiastuti E. Treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Jakarta: Result of modified Indonesian National Protocol 94. Paediatr Indones [Internet]. 2016 Oct 18;46(4):179. Available from: https://paediatricaindonesiana.org/index.php/paediatrica-indonesiana/article/view/925

Gatta G, Botta L, Rossi S, Aareleid T, Bielska-Lasota M, Clavel J, et al. Childhood cancer survival in Europe 1999–2007: results of EUROCARE-5—a population-based study. Lancet Oncol [Internet]. 2014 Jan;15(1):35–47. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1470204513705485

Howard SC, Zaidi A, Cao X, Weil O, Bey P, Patte C, et al. The My Child Matters programme: effect of public–private partnerships on paediatric cancer care in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet Oncol [Internet]. 2018;19(5):e252–66. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(18)30123-2

Breneman JC, Donaldson SS, Constine L, Merchant T, Marcus K, Paulino AC, et al. The Children’s Oncology Group Radiation Oncology Discipline: 15 Years of Contributions to the Treatment of Childhood Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys [Internet]. 2018;101(4):860–74. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.03.002

Northcott PA, Robinson GW, Kratz CP, Mabbott DJ, Pomeroy SL, Clifford SC, et al. Medulloblastoma. Nat Rev Dis Prim. 2019;5(1).

Anacak Y. Pediatric Medulloblastoma & Ependymoma and CSI. In Jakarta: IAEA Training Course for Pediatric Radiation Oncology; 2019.

Udaka YT, Packer RJ. Pediatric Brain Tumors. Neurol Clin. 2018;36(3):533–56.

Edmond JC. Pediatric brain tumors: The neuro-ophthalmic impact. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 2012;52(3):95–106.

Kortmann RD, Kühl J, Timmermann B, Mittler U, Urban C, Budach V, et al. Postoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy before radiotherapy as compared to immediate radiotherapy followed by maintenance chemotherapy in the treatment of medulloblastoma in childhood: Results of the German prospective randomized trial HIT ’91. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000;46(2):269–79.

Ajithkumar T, Horan G, Padovani L, Thorp N, Timmermann B, Alapetite C, et al. SIOPE – Brain tumor group consensus guideline on craniospinal target volume delineation for high-precision radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol. 2018;128(2):192–7.

Reaman GH, Smith FO, Merchant TE, Kortmann R-D. Pediatric Oncology Series Editors: Pediatric Radiation Oncology [Internet]. Pediatric Oncology Series Editors: Pediatric Radiation Oncology. 2018. 3–10 p. Available from: http://www.springer.com/series/5421

Green AL, Kieran MW. Pediatric Brainstem Gliomas: New Understanding Leads to Potential New Treatments for Two Very Different Tumors. Curr Oncol Rep. 2015;17(3).

Gallitto M, Lazarev S, Wasserman I, Stafford JM, Wolden SL, Terezakis SA, et al. Role of Radiation Therapy in the Management of Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma: A Systematic Review. Adv Radiat Oncol. 2019;4(3):520–31.

Mahajan A, Paulino A. Radiation oncology for pediatric CNS tumors. Radiation Oncology for Pediatric CNS Tumors. 2017. 1–639 p.

Anacak Y. Radiotherapy for Brain Stem Gliomas. In Jakarta: IAEA Training Course for Pediatric Radiation Oncology; 2019.

Tinkle CL, Simone B, Chiang J, Li X, Campbell K, Han Y, et al. Defining Optimal Target Volumes of Conformal Radiation Therapy for Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2020;106(4):838–47.

Brady LW, Heilman HP, Molls M, Neider C. Pediatric Brain Tumors. In: Lu JJ, Brady LW, editors. Decision Making in Radiation Oncology. 2011th ed. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg; 2011. p. 1011–36.

Gupta S, Howard SC, Hunger SP, Antillon FG, Metzger ML, Israels T, et al. Treating Childhood Cancer in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Dis Control Priorities, Third Ed (Volume 3) Cancer. 2015;121–46.

Kivela T. The epidemiological challenge of the most frequent eye cancer: retinoblastoma, an issue of birth and death. Br J Ophthalmol [Internet]. 2009 Sep 1;93(9):1129–31. Available from: http://bjo.bmj.com/cgi/doi/10.1136/bjo.2008.150292

Kodrat H, Gondhowiardjo S. Radioterapi & Onkologi RADIOTERAPI PADA RETINOBLASTOMA. Radioter dan Onkol Indones. 2013;4(1):17–23.

Siddhartha Laskar. Radiotherapy for Retinoblastoma. In: Siddhartha Laskar, editor. IAEA Training Course for Pediatric Radiation Oncology. Jakarta: Siddhartha Laskar; 2019.

REESE AB, ELLSWORTH RM. The evaluation and current concept of retinoblastoma therapy. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol [Internet]. 67:164–72. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13973597

Chantada G, Doz F, Antoneli CBG, Grundy R, Clare Stannard FF, Dunkel IJ, et al. A proposal for an international retinoblastoma staging system. Pediatr Blood Cancer [Internet]. 2006 Nov;47(6):801–5. Available from: http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/pbc.20606

A LM. Intraocular Retinoblastoma: the Case for a New Group Classification. Ophthalmol Clin North Am [Internet]. 2005 Mar;18(1):41–53. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0896154904001488

Swain SK, Samal S, Anand N, Mohanty J. Pediatric nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Int J Heal Allied Sci. 2020;9(1):1–6.

González-Motta A, González G, Bermudéz Y, Maldonado MC, Castañeda JM, Lopéz D, et al. Pediatric Nasopharyngeal Cancer: Case Report and Review of the Literature. Cureus. 2016;8(2).

Laskar S, Sanghavi V, Muckaden MA, Ghosh S, Bhalla V, Banavali S, et al. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma in children: Ten years’ experience at the Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004;58(1):189–95.

Sultan I, Casanova M, Ferrari A, Rihani R, Rodriguez-Galindo C. Differential features of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in children and adults: A SEER study. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010 Apr;55(2):279–84.

Laskar S. No Title. In: Radiation Therapy in Paediatric Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Jakarta: IAEA Training Course for Pediatric Radiation Oncology; 2019.

Richards MK, Dahl JP, Gow K, Goldin AB, Doski J, Goldfarb M, et al. Factors associated with mortality in pediatric vs adult nasopharyngeal carcinoma. JAMA Otolaryngol - Head Neck Surg. 2016;142(3):217–22.

Muzaffar R, Vacca F, Guo H, Mhapsekar R, Osman MM. Pediatric nasopharyngeal carcinoma as seen on 18F-FDG PET/CT. Front Oncol. 2019;9(MAR):18–21.

Rodriguez-Galindo C, Krailo MD, Krasin MJ, Huang L, Beth McCarville M, Hicks J, et al. Treatment of childhood nasopharyngeal carcinoma with induction chemotherapy and concurrent chemoradiotherapy: Results of the Children’s Oncology Group ARAR0331 study. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37(35):3369–76.

Hansen EK, Roach III M. Handbook of Evidence-Based Radiation Oncology. Hansen EK, Roach III M, editors. Handbook of Evidence-Based Radiation Oncology. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2018. 145–158 p.

Sangkhathat S. Current management of pediatric soft tissue sarcomas. World J Clin Pediatr [Internet]. 2015;4(4):94. Available from: http://www.wjgnet.com/2219-2808/full/v4/i4/94.htm

Kaatsch P. Epidemiology of childhood cancer. Cancer Treat Rev [Internet]. 2010 Jun;36(4):277–85. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S030573721000023X

Terezakis S, Ladra M. Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma. In: Pediatric Radiation Oncology [Internet]. Springer International Publishing; 2018. p. 21–43. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-43545-9_3

Maurer HM, Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study. The intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma study II: Objectives and study design†. J Pediatr Surg [Internet]. 1980 Jun;15(3):371–2. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022346880802697

Breneman JC, Lyden E, Pappo AS, Link MP, Anderson JR, Parham DM, et al. Prognostic Factors and Clinical Outcomes in Children and Adolescents With Metastatic Rhabdomyosarcoma—A Report From the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study IV. J Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2003 Jan 1;21(1):78–84. Available from: http://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.2003.06.129

Breneman J, Meza J, Donaldson SS, Raney RB, Wolden S, Michalski J, et al. Local Control With Reduced-Dose Radiotherapy for Low-Risk Rhabdomyosarcoma: A Report From the Children’s Oncology Group D9602 Study. Int J Radiat Oncol [Internet]. 2012 Jun;83(2):720–6. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0360301611030781

Michalski JM, Meza J, Breneman JC, Wolden SL, Laurie F, Jodoin MA, et al. Influence of radiation therapy parameters on outcome in children treated with radiation therapy for localized parameningeal rhabdomyosarcoma in Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group trials II through IV. Int J Radiat Oncol [Internet]. 2004 Jul;59(4):1027–38. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0360301604004821

Wolden SL, Wexler LH, Kraus DH, Laquaglia MP, Lis E, Meyers PA. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy for head-and-neck rhabdomyosarcoma. Int J Radiat Oncol [Internet]. 2005 Apr;61(5):1432–8. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0360301604022527

Mittal N, Kent P. Long-Term Survivors of Childhood Cancer: The Late Effects of Therapy. Pediatr Cancer Surviv. 2017;

Arain A, Herman T, Matthiesen C. Late Effects of Radiation Therapy in Pediatric Cancer Survivors. J Okla State Med Assoc. 2015;108(4):129–35.

Anacak Y. Late Effects and Secondary Cancers. In: IAEA Training Course for Pediatric Radiation Oncology. Jakarta: IAEA Training Course for Pediatric Radiation Oncology, 2-6 Sept 2019; 2019.

Krasin MJ, Constine LS, Friedman DL, Marks LB. Radiation-Related Treatment Effects Across the Age Spectrum: Differences and Similarities or What the Old and Young Can Learn from Each Other. Semin Radiat Oncol. 2010;20(1):21–9.

Salminen E, Anacak Y, Laskar S, Kortmann RD, Raslawski E, Stevens G, et al. Twinning partnerships through International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to improve radiotherapy in common paediatric cancers in low- and mid-income countries. Radiother Oncol [Internet]. 2009;93(2):368–71. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2009.08.018

Royal College of Radiologists, Society and College of Radiographers, Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine, Children’s Cancer and Leukaemia Group. Good practice guide for paediatric radiotherapy Second edition. R Coll Radiol [Internet]. 2018;(August). Available from: www.rcr.ac.uk

Constine LS, Ronckers CM, Hua CH, Olch A, Kremer LCM, Jackson A, et al. Pediatric Normal Tissue Effects in the Clinic (PENTEC): An International Collaboration to Analyse Normal Tissue Radiation Dose–Volume Response Relationships for Paediatric Cancer Patients. Clin Oncol [Internet]. 2019;31(3):199–207. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clon.2019.01.002

DOI: https://doi.org/10.32532/jori.v11i2.117 <